Ten Percent Law by Lindeman

Ten Percent Law: Ten percent law for the transfer of energy from one trophic level to the next was introduced by Lindeman (1942). According to this law, during the transfer of energy from organic food from one trophic level to the next, only about ten percent of the of energy from organic matter is stored as flesh. The remaining is lost during transfer, broken down in respiration, or lost to incomplete digestion by higher trophic levels. The ten percent law suggests or implies that exactly 90% of the energy is lost in the transfer at each trophic level, and that only 10% is passed on as useable biological energy. That implied preciseness is misleading, however, and is one of the reasons that many scientists discount the concept, even label it a myth. Instead, it should be considered a rule of thumb, a teaching device, or perhaps best, a mnemonic device that serves as a reminder of the striking inefficiencies of natural systems.

The ten percent law does stand for a real fact of nature: most of the energy available at one level in an ecosystem is lost in the transfer to the next level. A very small percentage of the light energy that reaches the leaf surface of plants is actually assimilated, or turned by photosynthesis into organic compounds. Most of the light energy absorbed by plants is converted directly to heat and lost. Many plant parts are inedible by herbivores (the next trophic level) and is lost for energy transfer. The plants use much of the energy absorbed to live, as do the herbivores that eat them. So if there are 40,000 kg of producers, how many kg of primary consumers are there? 40,000 kg/ 10 = 4,000 kg. How many kg of secondary consumers? 400 kg How many kg of tertiary consumers? 40 kg
Questions based on Ten Percent Law:

Q.1 Ten percent law is given by
A. Lindmann
B. Goldmann
C. Beckmann
D. None of these
Ans: A

Q.2 If the energy available to the plants from the sun is 20,000J. What would be the energy available to the lion in the food chain , Plant? Dear? Lion
A. 20J
B. 200Jbr
C. 2000J
D. 20000J
Ans: B

Nanotechnology in India and Rajasthan

Nanotechnology is the manipulation of matter on an atomic and molecular scale. Nanotechnology is the engineering of functional systems at the molecular scale. This covers both current work and concepts that are more advanced. In its original sense, 'nanotechnology' refers to the projected ability to construct items from the bottom up, using techniques and tools being developed today to make complete, high performance products. The concepts that seeded nanotechnology were first discussed in 1959 by renowned physicist Richard Feynman in his talk There's Plenty of Room at the Bottom, in which he described the possibility of synthesis via direct manipulation of atoms. The term "nano-technology" was first used by Norio Taniguchi in 1974, though it was not widely known. Inspired by Feynman's concepts, K. Eric Drexler independently used the term "nanotechnology" in his 1986 book Engines of Creation: The Coming Era of Nanotechnology, which proposed the idea of a nanoscale "assembler" which would be able to build a copy of itself and of other items of arbitrary complexity with atomic control.

Nanometer as a Unit in Nanotechnology: In order to understand the unusual world of nanotechnology, we need to get an idea of the units of measure involved. A centimeter is one-hundredth of a meter, a millimeter is one-thousandth of a meter, and a micrometer is one-millionth of a meter, but all of these are still huge compared to the nanoscale. A nanometer (nm) is one-billionth of a meter, smaller than the wavelength of visible light and a hundred-thousandth the width of a human hair. As small as a nanometer is, it's still large compared to the atomic scale. An atom has a diameter of about 0.1 nm. 

Nanotechnology in India: IIT Bombay is one of the leading institutions in the country for research in the area of Nanotechnology. IIT Bombay has recently consolidated its Nanotechnology research activities through the formation of a Centre for Research in Nanotechnology & Science (CRNTS). The formation of this centre has been made possible through a generous grant from the Department of Science & Technology (DST), Govt. of India  At IIT Bombay, over 45 faculty members from 9 different departments/schools are working together in the broad areas of Nanotechnology, with support from various government agencies are private industries. This research has resulted in over 400 high quality publications in the last 5 years in international journals and conference proceedings and a large number of patents. Some of the research activities at IIT Bombay in the Nanotechnology area are on par with some of the best institutions in the world. Because of its efforts, IIT Bombay has recently received substantial funding from the Department of Science & Technology (DST), Govt of India for the formation of a Centre for Research in Nanotechnology & Science (CRNTS) on the IIT Bombay campus. Additionally, IIT Bombay has also been selected as one of the two institutions in the country for setting up a 'Centre of Excellence in Nanoelectronics' by the Ministry of Communications & Information Technology (MCIT), Govt of India.

Nanotechnology in Rajasthan: Rajasthan University's Centre for Converging Technologies (CCT) is conceptualized as a centre to strengthen quality education and to pursue high standard research in the frontier areas of Nanotechnology, Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Information & Communication Technology and Cognitive & Neuroscience (NBIC) technologies so as to accelerate techno-economic development of the country apart from some individual research works in NIT/IIT Rajasthan. The primary aim of establishing the Centre for Converging Technologies (CCT) is to produce high quality research in the four streams of Nanotechnology, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, Information and Communication Technology, Cognitive & Neuroscience. The focus will be on the following areas.
Nanotechnology
Biotechnology and Bioinformatics
Information and Communication Technology
Cognitive and Neuroscience

General Science quiz for Competitive Exams

1. Who among the following received Nobel prize for unraveling the helical structure of Protein ?

A. Linus pauling
B. Maurice Wilkins
C. Sanger
D. Watson and Crick
Ans: A

2. Red-rot and Ergot disease are associated with the Production of:
A. Bajra and wheat

     B. Groundnut and sugarcane 
     C.Wheat and groundnut
     D.Sugarcane and Bajra
     Ans: D

3. Which one of the following disease is caused by bacteria ?
A. Hepatitis B
B. Poliomyelitis
C. Scabies
D. Tuberculosis
Ans: D
4. Which one of the following is vector for KALA-AZAR disease ?
A. Housefly
B. Sandfly
C. Aedes mosquito
D. Anopheles Mosquitos
Ans: B
5. In terms of organic evolution, which one of the following is more advanced than the other three ?
A. Bat
B. Pigeon
C. Ostrich
D. Vulture
Ans: A
6. Night blindness can be corrected by the intake of ?
A. Vitamin A
B. Vitamin B Complex
C. Vitamin C
D. Vitamin D
Ans: A
7. Which one of the enzymes is found in human saliva ?
A. Trypsin
B. Pepsin
C. Ptyalin
D. Rennin
Ans: C
8.Which one of the following element is essential for the transmission of Nerve impulses in nerve fibers of Human body ?
A. Calcium
B. Iron
C. Sodium
D. Zinc
Ans: C
9. In the human body, the red blood cells are produced in ?
A. Liver
B. Voluntary Muscles
C. Pancreas
D. Bone marrow
Ans: D
10. The purpose of Genetically modifying brinjal and cotton as Bt-Brinjal, Bt-Cotton was to make them ?
A. Drought resistant
B. High yielding
C. Pest resistant
D. Short-duration crops
Ans: C

11. The Scientists recently estimated the age of the moon around ----- Billion years.

A. 4.36

B. 3.36

C. 5.34
D.7.54
Ans: A
12. Which of the following are infected by foot and mouth disease ?
A. Cats
B. Cattle
C. Dogs
D. Poultry
Ans: B

13. Which one of the following kinds of organism causes maleria ?
A. Bacterium
B. Fungus
C. Protozoan
D. Virus
Ans: C
14. Which among the following is poorest source of Fat ?
A. Curd
B. Egg
C. Fish
D. Milk
Ans: C
15. The release of which one of the following into Ponds and wells helps in controlling mosquitoes ?
A. Crab
B. Gambusia Fisha
C. Dogfish
D. Snail
Ans: B

16. Which one of the following crop improvement technique is based on the concept of Cellular Totipotency in plants

A. Polyploid
B. Tissue Culture
C. Induced Culture
D. Hybridisation
Ans: B
17. The high milk yielding breed of cow developed in India through cross breeding is ?
A. Haryana
B. Red sindhi
C. Murrah
D. Holstein-Friesian
Ans: B  
18. Zoological Survey of India Planned to Establish Five DNA Laboratories in India. Which one of the following cities is not included in its planned list?
A.New Delhi
B. Chennai
C. Kolkata
D. Pune

Ans:A
19. If the drinking water supply pipeline is damaged and is contaminated with domestic sewerage. which one of the following disease is most likely to occur ?
A. Measles
B. Typhoid
C. Tuberculosis
D. Diphtheria
Ans: B
20. Which scientist disapproved the theory of spontaneous generation and performed the experiment to show "Life begets life" ?

A. Alexander flemin

B. Joseph Lister

C. Louis pasteur

D. Linus Pauling

Ans: C

21. The folding of the leaf lobes of the Venus flag trap is a response to changing ?

A. Light pattern

B. Water pressure

C. Wind speed

D. Wind direction

Ans: B

22. One of most important foreign exchange earning herbs used in the treatment of several kinds of chronic dysentery is ?

A. Tulsi

B. Isabgol

C. Madhuca

D. Rauwoldia

Ans: B

23. Which one of the following is the most suitable plant for reclamation of alkaline soil ?

A. Eucalyptus

B. Pipal

C. Coconut

D. Kikar

Ans: C

24. The crop in which Bt Gene has been used for genetic transformation and which has given rise o a controversy in India is ?

A. Cotton

B. Wheat

C. Groundnut

D. Tomato

Ans: A

25. Children confined to closed dark rooms are most likely to suffer from ?

A. Goitre

B. Anaemia

C. Pallagra

D. Bone deformation

Ans: B

26. Fish and sea foods are very rich in ?

A. Magnesium

B. Iron

C. Calcium

D. Sodium

Ans: D

27. WIDAL test is required for the diagnosis of ?

A. Tuberculosis

B. Tenanus

C. Typhoid

D. Leprosy

Ans: C

28. Which one of the following is known as first line of defence for the body ?

A. WBC

B. antibodies

C. Skin

D. Nails

Ans: C

29. The yellow color of Yolk is due to the presence of ?

A. Livetin

B. Phosphate

C. Riboflavin

D. Vitellin

Ans; C

30. The slurry of biogas plant is an enriched manure as it is vary rich in oxygen ...

A. Phosphorus and Potassium

B. Sulphur and Nitrogen

C. Zinc and Aluminum

D. Boron and Potash

Ans: B

31. The most economical process of increasing the nutritive value of foodgrains is ?

A. Germination

B. Milling

C. Parboiling

D. Pearling

Ans:B
32.GOUT, a metabolic disease occues due to the high level of ?

A. Uric acid in the blood

B. Urea in the blood

C. Sugar in the blood

D. Cholestrerol in the blood

Ans:A
33. Which one of the following is NOT correctly matched ?

A. Becquerel: Radioactivity

B. Alexander Fleming: Penicillin

C. Louis Pasteur: Blood group

D. William Harvey: Blood circulation

Ans: C
34. PCR (Polymerase chain reaction) is a technique to make copies of ?

A. DNA Using livin cells

B. DNA Without using living cells

C. RNA using living cells

D  RNA without using living cells

Ans: A
35. The branch of science dealing with the improvement of human race is ?

A. Genealogy

B. Cloaning

C. Eugenics

D. Euphenics

Ans: C
36. The main pollination agent in the case of maze plant is ?

A. Bird

B. Insects

C. Rodent

D. Winds

Ans: D
37. Spiders and scrpions belongs to the same class of Antropods as are ?

A. Beetle  and locusts

B. Crabs and Lobsters

C. Centipedes and Millipedes

D. Mites and Ticks

Ans: D
38. With reference to the plants, mucilage are ?

A. Glycoproteins

B. Polypeptides chains

C. Polysachhairides

D. Long chain fatty acids

Ans: A
39. Azolla used as a bio-fertilizer for rice cultivation has a symbolic relationship with ?

A. Azaotobacter

B. Azospirillum

C. Aulosira

D. Anabaena

Ans: D
40.Diatom are good indicator of:

A. Industrial pollution

B. Intense soil erosion

C. Sewae pollution

D. Soil Pollution

Ans: C
41. Which one of the following theories is most widely accepted for movement of water through plants ?

A. Capillarity

B. Cohesion tension

C. Imbibition

D. Root pressure.

Ans: D 

42.Which one of the following organisms has a role in converting nitrates to free Nitrogen ?

A. Pseudomonas

B. Nitrosomonas

C. Ntrobacter

D. Rhizobium

Ans:A

43. The human body cowper's gland is associated with ?

A. Circulatory system

B. Digestive system

C. Nervous system

D. Urino-genital system

Ans: D

44. Which type of light is effective for Photosynthesis to occur ?

A. Ultraviolet and blue

B. Blue and red

C. Green and Yellow

D. Blue and Green

Ans: B

45. Which one of the following enzymes can hydrolyze proteins in the stomach ?

A. Trypsin

B. Pepsin

C. Lipase

D. Amylase

Ans: B

46.  In human body the blood enters the aorta of the circulartory system from the ?

A. Left artium

B. Left Ventricle

C. Right atrium

D. Right Ventricle

Ans: B

47. Which is iodine-deficienty disease ?

A. Arthritis

B. Goitre

C. Glucoma

D. Pneumonia

Ans: B

48. Which oil is least recommended for high blood pressure person ?

A. Coconut oil

B. Groundnut oil

C. Mustand Oil

D. Sunflower Oil

Ans: C

49. Which Nutrients plays a important role in Coagulation of Blood ?

A. Calcium

B. Iron

C. Potassium

D. Sodium

Ans: A

50. Which one of following vitamins can be synthesized by human body ?

A. Vitamin B1

B. Vitamin B12

C. Vitamin C

D. Vitamin D

Ans: D

51. What is the process responsible for producing photons in a diode laser?

A. Fermi level shift

B. Majority carrier injection

C. Carrier freeze out

D. Electron-hole recombination

Ans: D
52. Which variety of coal contains the highest percentage of carbon?

A. Anthracite

B. Peat

C. Bituminous

D. Lignite

Ans: A
53. What is the main component of biogas and natural gas?

A. Ethane

B. Methane

C. Propane

D. Butane

Ans: B
54. What is dry ice?

A. Liquid nitrogen

B. Water ice

C. Solid carbon dioxide

D. Frozen ethanol

Ans: C
55. Nail polish remover contains mainly ?

A. Methanol

B. Ethanol

C. Acetone

D. Limonene

Ans: C
56. Which of the following measurements is not a unit of distance?

A. Ammeter

B. Cubit

C. Parsec

D. Angstrom

Ans: A (An ammeter is a device that measures the current in an electric circuit, the amount of charge per unit time through a point of reference)
57. Who discovered X-rays?

A. Land

B. Roentgen

C. Eastman

D. Kodak

Ans: B
58. What is defined as the change in velocity over time?

A. Acceleration

B. Speed

C. Work

D. Force

Ans: A

59. Which one of the following is caused by virus ?

A. Cholera

B. Influenza

C. Scabies

D. Typhoid

Ans: B

60. Which one of the following elements is required by the human body for the hardening of Bones and teeth ?

A. Iodine

B. Iron

C. Phosphorus

D. Potassium

Ans: C

61. Which one of the following is not caused by Nutritional deficienty ?

A. Kwashiorkor

B. Haemophilia

C. Beriberi

D. Marasmus

Ans: B

62. Chemically, what is Sname Venom ?

A. Glycolipid

B. Polysacchride

C. Protein

D. Steroid

Ans: C

63. The root of which one of following plants contain the bacteria that convert free Nitrogen to Nitrates used by plants ?

A. Mustand

B. Pea

C. Sugarcane

D. Wheat

Ans: B

64. Which one among following is rich in protein ?

A. Boiled rice

B. Brea of Wheat

C. Fried Potato Chips

D. Fried Gram

Ans: D

65. Which part of Potato plant is used as Vegetable ?

A. Modified root

B. Modified stem

C. Modified leaf

D. Modified flower

Ans: B

66. Mashrooms are actually ?

A. Algae

B. Fungi

C. Lichens

D. Parasitic moss plant

Ans: B

67. All Enzymes are actually ?

A. Protein

B. Carbohydrates

C. Fatty acids

D. Sterols

Ans: A

68. Among the following fruits, which one is not a True fruits ?

A. Apple

B. Tomato

C.Coconut

D. Date

Ans: A 

69. In which oran of the human body is Ammonia converted into Urea ?

A. Kidney

B. Liver

C. Pancreas

D. Spleen

Ans: B

70. Who saw the cells for the first time in the thin slice of Cork using his crude Mircoscope ?

A. August Weismann

B. Louis Pasteur

C. Robert Brown

D. Robert Hooke

Ans: D

71. Which one of the following is a pigment ?

A. Albumin

B. Elastin

C. Keratin

D. Melanin

Ans: D

72. Which of the following is biodegradable?

A. D.D.T.

B. Paper

C. Plastic

D. Aluminium

Ans: B     
73. Electrostatic precipitation is used to control ?

A. Water pollution

B. Solid waste

C. Noise pollution

D. Air pollution

Ans: D

74. X-rays were discovered by -

A. Roentgen

B. H.Davy

C. Lavoisier

D. Faraday

Ans: A
75. Where was India's first computer installed?

A. Indian Statistical Institute, Calcutta

B. Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi

C. Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore

D. Bharat Sanchar Nigam Ltd, Delhi

Ans: A
76. Centre for DNA Finger printing of India is located at-

A. Pune

B. Hyderabad

C. Mumbai

D. Udaipur

Ans. B
77. The audible range of sound is-

A. 20 Hz to 20 MHz

B. 20 Hz to 20 kHz

C. 20 kHz to 20 MHz

D. 20 Hz to 2000 Hz

Ans. B
78. The nephron is:

A. The site of urine storage.

B. The functional unit of the kidney.

C. The site where ADH is produced.

D. Also called the Bowman's capsule.

Ans. B

79. All of the following are normally found in urine except-

A. Glucose

B. Sodium ions

C. Uric acid

D. Urea

Ans. A
80. Which Salt is used in photography?

A. Phosphorus Nitrate

B. Silver Nitrate

C. Sodium Nitrate

D. Sodium Chloride

Ans. B
81. In elephants, which teeth are grow into huge tusks?

A. Incisors of the lower jaw

B. Canines of the upper jaw

C. Incisors of the upper jaw

D. Molars of the lower jaw

Ans. C
82. Tip of the match-stick contains-

A. Phosphorus penta oxide

B. White phosphorus

C. Red phosphorus

D. Phosphorus penta chloride

Ans. C
83. Commercial name of Sodium bicarbonate is-

A. Washing soda

B. Baking soda

C. Bleaching powder

D. Soda ash

Ans. B

84. Which lands in human body produced growth Harmon ?

A. Adrenal

B. Pancreas

C. Pitutary

D. Thyroid

Ans: C

85. From evolutionary point of view which one f the following is more advances ?

A. Crocodile

B. Dolphin

C. Shark

D. Tortoise

Ans: B

86. Which one of the following Mineral is required for muscle contraction ?

A. Calcium

B. Iron

C. Sodium

D. Zinc

Ans: A

87. What is key ingredient of Vinegar that you use in diet ?

A. Acetic acid

B. Ascorbic acid

C. Benzoic Acid

D. Nicotinic Acid

Ans: C

88. Which of the following receives message from hypothalmus and communicates with other endocrine glands ?

A. Pituitary

B. Thyroid

C. Pancreas

D. Thymus

Ans: A

89. The part of grain in cereals, where much of the protein lies is the ?

A. Aleurone layer

B. Lendosperm

C. Pericarp

D. Embryo

Ans: A

90. In which part of human body is the smallest bone found ?

A. Wrist

B. Palm

C. Nose

D. Ear

Ans:D

91. Primarily which one of the following system of the body is attacked by HIV ?

A. Cardiovascular

B. Immune

C. Respiratory

D. Reproductive

Ans: B

92. Which one of the following is a stem tissue ?

A. Carrot

B. Cactus

C. Ginger

D. Flower

Ans: B

93. Vaccines are ?

A. Same as monoclonal antibodies

B. Treated bacteria or virus or one of their protein

C. mhc protein

D. Strands of nucleic acid

Ans: B

94. Which one of the following is used as antibacterial dye for skin infection ?

A. Barium

B. Cobalt

C. Gentian violet

D. Nicotinamide

Ans: C

95. Tricuspid valve is found in ?

A. Brain

B. Heart

C. Spleen

D. Veins

96. In India, the human organ transplantation act come into existence in ?

A. 1994

B. 1995

C. 1996

D. 1997

Ans: B

97. Which one of following algae is a wonder crop with about 70% protein, even more than Soyabean ?

A. Chlorella

B. Dunaliella

C. Scenedesmus

D. Spirulina

Ans: D

98. The science dealing with Human variations and heredity leading to the improvement of human race is known as ?

A. Eugenics

B. Genetics

C. Hybridization

D. Mutation

Ans: A

99. The part of poppy plant which yields opium is ?

A. Dried root

B. Dried leaves

C. Dried seeds

D. Unripe fruits

Ans: D

100. Vitamin A is also known as ?

A. Ascorbic acid

B. Retinol

C. Thiamine

D. Riboflavin

Ans: B